One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1): Title I, Farm Safety Net and Miscellaneous Provisions

On May 22, 2025, the House passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1), providing for budget reconciliation pursuant to the FY2025 House budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 14). Title I (“Committee on Agriculture”), Sections 10101 and 10108, of H.R. 1 would increase funds available for certain farm support programs and miscellaneous programs that support agricultural and related sectors. According to a June 4, 2025, estimate by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), Sections 10101 and 10108 would increase federal outlays by approximately $52.3 billion and $1.6 billion, respectively, over 10 years. Title I of H.R. 1 includes other provisions that CBO projects would increase or would decrease federal outlays. CBO estimates that Title I, in total, would reduce the deficit by roughly $238 billion over 10 years. Sections 10101 and 10108 would affect agricultural programs typically authorized and/or amended, among other programs, in a farm bill. The previous farm bill, the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 farm bill; P.L. 115-334), was extended twice in the 118th Congress (until September 30, 2025, and for the 2025 crop year). Section 10101 of H.R. 1 would amend and extend commodity support programs enacted in the 2018 farm bill through crop year 2031. The bill would increase the revenue guarantees and reference prices for commodities covered under the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programs, respectively. The bill would provide a one-time opportunity to grant eligible producers new base acre holdings. The bill would increase payment limits for ARC and PLC and increase Marketing Assistance Loan rates. The bill would require the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), in operating sugar support programs, to prioritize sugar beet processors if marketing allotments are adjusted higher, reallocate tariff-rate quota shortfalls by March 1, and provide a report to Congress on refined sugar imports. The dairy provisions of H.R. 1 would increase the amount of milk production a producer could enroll in the Dairy Margin Coverage program. The bill would require dairy product manufacturers to report production costs and yield information to USDA in order to update “make allowances” for the Federal Milk Marketing Order system. Section 10101 of H.R. 1 would expand the types of eligible losses covered under the permanently authorized agricultural disaster assistance programs. The bill would increase coverage levels and lower the threshold for triggering payments for certain eligible losses. The bill would modify eligibility criteria to allow entities with average adjusted gross incomes greater than $900,000 to participate in certain disaster assistance and conservation programs. Section 10101 of H.R. 1 would increase certain crop insurance premium subsidies and increase additional premium subsidies available for beginning farmers and ranchers. The bill would increase coverage levels for Supplemental Coverage Option and Whole Farm Revenue Protection policies, increase support for administrative and operating costs incurred by approved crop insurance providers, and increase funds available for program compliance and integrity. Section 10108 of H.R. 1 would provide funding for each of FY2026 to FY2030 for the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, National Animal Disease Preparedness Response Program, and National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank. The bill would provide funding for the Sheep Production and Marketing Grant Program and would extend funding for trust funds that support the pima cotton, wool, certain textile, and citrus industries.